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Legal definitions for terms and concepts beginning with C
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Cabotage
Trade transit of a vessel along the coast (coastal trading), from one port to another within the territorial limits of a single nation. Expanded Legal Definition of Cabotage
Cancel
To terminate; to put an end to. Expanded Legal Definition of Cancel
Candy
Crystallized sugar more fully called sugar candy; also any confection made of, or so incrusted. Expanded Legal Definition of Candy
Canon Law
The law of the Church; based on religious beliefs. Has little or no legal effect today except in full or partial theocracies. Expanded Legal Definition of Canon Law
Capital Punishment
The most severe of all sentences: that of death. Expanded Legal Definition of Capital Punishment
Cardholder Agreement
A contract presented by a credit card company or through an agent, usually a bank, setting out the terms of the consumer's use of and liability for the credit card. Expanded Legal Definition of Cardholder Agreement
Carriage
The transportation, by carriers, of people or goods for free or for reward. Expanded Legal Definition of Carriage
Carrier
Persons who carry goods or passengers for others, either freely or for consideration. Expanded Legal Definition of Carrier
Carrier's Case
A monumental 1473 English case which extended the offence of theft (then called larceny) to include a carrier of goods who, initially lawfully in possession, converts goods to his own use. Expanded Legal Definition of Carrier's Case
Carry
The observation or declaration by the chair of a meeting that a member’s motion has passed or attained the requisite majority vote, and is thus converted into a resolution of the whole meeting or organization. Expanded Legal Definition of Carry
Case Law
The entire collection of published legal decisions of the courts which, because of stare decisis, contributes a large part of the legal rules which apply in modern society. Expanded Legal Definition of Case Law
Causation
The but-for link between a harmful action and another's injury. Expanded Legal Definition of Causation
Caveat
Latin: let him beware. A formal warning. Expanded Legal Definition of Caveat
Caveat Emptor
Let the buyer beware or that the buyers should examine and check for themselves things which they intend to purchase and that they cannot later hold the vendor responsible for the broken condition of the thing bought. Expanded Legal Definition of Caveat Emptor
Cease and Desist Letter
A letter which advises a person to stop (cease and desist) using specified legal rights which are asserted by another. Expanded Legal Definition of Cease and Desist Letter
Centrocon Clause
A clause in an arbitration agreement which bars a claim if not made in writing and an arbitrator appointed within a set time frame. Expanded Legal Definition of Centrocon Clause
Certificate of Independent Legal Advice
A document that attests that a person has received legal advice on a proposed contract, from a lawyer not associated with the other contracting party. Expanded Legal Definition of Certificate of Independent Legal Advice
Certificate of Pending Litigation
A registration or/of a notice or warning that litigation is ongoing as to ownership of a particular piece of land or other real property; also known as a certificate of lis pendens. Expanded Legal Definition of Certificate of Pending Litigation
Certiorari
A writ of certiorari is a form of judicial review whereby a court is asked to consider a legal decision of an administrative tribunal, judicial office or organization (eg. government) and to decide if the decision has been regular and complete or if there has been an error of law. Expanded Legal Definition of Certiorari
Cestui Que Trust or Cestui Que Use
Latin: the beneficiary of a trust. Expanded Legal Definition of Cestui Que Trust or Cestui Que Use
Ceteris Paribus
Latin: all things being equal or unchanged. Expanded Legal Definition of Ceteris Paribus
Champerty
When a person agrees to finance someone else's lawsuit in exchange for a portion of the judicial award. Expanded Legal Definition of Champerty
Chancery
The English law court with exclusive jurisdiction over equity; now phased-out and merged with the common law courts. Expanded Legal Definition of Chancery
Charity
A corporate non-profit body holdings property in trust for educational, religious, anti-poverty or some other purpose beneficial to the community. Expanded Legal Definition of Charity
Charterparty
A transportation contract which includes the full and exclusive use of the airplane, vehicle or vessel for the duration of the transportation of either goods or persons. Expanded Legal Definition of Charterparty
Chaste
A person who has never voluntarily had sexual intercourse outside of marriage such as unmarried virgins. Expanded Legal Definition of Chaste
Chattel
Moveable items of property which are neither land nor permanently attached to land or a building, either directly or vicariously through attachment to real property. Expanded Legal Definition of Chattel
Chattel Mortgage
When an interest is given on moveable property other than real property (in which case it is usually a 'mortgage'), in writing, to guarantee the payment of a debt or the execution of some action. Expanded Legal Definition of Chattel Mortgage
Check or Cheque
A form of bill of exchange where the order to pay is given to a bank which is holding the payor’s money. Expanded Legal Definition of Check or Cheque
Child
A young individual who is under the legal age of majority, or who is the natural offspring of another. Expanded Legal Definition of Child
Child of the Marriage
A dependent child of two persons, married at the time of conception of the child, and for whom both parents are financialy liable. Expanded Legal Definition of Child of the Marriage
Child Support
Periodic money payments payable by a non-custodial parent, to the custodial parent, for the care of his or her child. Expanded Legal Definition of Child Support
Chinese Wall
A screening barricade established within a law firm to prevent conflicts of interests between associates. Expanded Legal Definition of Chinese Wall
Chose In Action
A property right in something intangible, or which is not in one's possession, but enforceable through legal or court action. Expanded Legal Definition of Chose In Action
Church
A charitable association of persons organized for the advancement of religion and for the conduct of religious worship, services or rites, and that is permanently established. Expanded Legal Definition of Church
Circumstantial Evidence
Evidence which may allow a judge or jury to deduce a certain fact from other facts which have been proven. Expanded Legal Definition of Circumstantial Evidence
CIF
Transportation contract acronym for cost, insurance and freight usually in reference to the sale price being inclusive thereof. Expanded Legal Definition of CIF
Citation
An order of a court to either do a certain thing or to appear before it to answer charges. Expanded Legal Definition of Citation
Citizen's Arrest
Detainment of a person suspected of having committed a crime, by a person other than a police officer. Expanded Legal Definition of Citizen's Arrest
Civil Code
A document in civil law jurisdictions that purports to be a compendium of the applicable law as it pertains to the citizen. Expanded Legal Definition of Civil Code
Civil Covenant of Solidarity
A contract by two individuals of the age of majority, of different or same gender, to provide legal rights and obligations as a result of their cohabitaton. Expanded Legal Definition of Civil Covenant of Solidarity
Civil Law
A body of law derived and evolved directly from Roman Law, the primary feature of which is that laws are struck in writing; codified, and not determined, as is common law, by the opinions of judges based on historic customs. Expanded Legal Definition of Civil Law
Civil Liability
Civil law (responsabilité civile): a legal requirement to compensate another because of an unlawful injury to his/her person or property. Expanded Legal Definition of Civil Liability
Civil Union
A formal union between two people, of the same or of different genders which results in, but falls short of, marriage-like rights and obligations. Expanded Legal Definition of Civil Union
Clandestine
Something purposely kept from the view or knowledge of others either in violation of the law or to conduct or conceal some illegal purpose. Expanded Legal Definition of Clandestine
Class Action
When different persons combine their lawsuits into one opposed to a common defendant, because the facts are sufficiently similar. Expanded Legal Definition of Class Action
Clayton's Case
An English case which established a presumption that monies withdrawn from a money account are presumed to be debits from those monies first deposited; first in, first out. Expanded Legal Definition of Clayton's Case
Clean Hands
A maxim of the law to the effect that any person, individual or corporate, that wishes to ask or petition a court for judicial action, must be in a position free of fraud or other unfair conduct. Expanded Legal Definition of Clean Hands
Clear Days
Full and complete days. Expanded Legal Definition of Clear Days
Client-Solicitor Privilege
A right that belongs to the client of a lawyer that the latter keep any information or words spoken to him during the provision of the legal services to that client, strictly confidential. Expanded Legal Definition of Client-Solicitor Privilege
Coastal Trading
Trade transit of a vessel along the coast, from one port to another within the territorial limits of a single nation. Expanded Legal Definition of Coastal Trading
Codicil
An amendment to an existing will. Does not mean that the will is totally changed; just to the extent of the codicil. Expanded Legal Definition of Codicil
Collateral
Property which has been committed to guarantee a loan. Expanded Legal Definition of Collateral
Collateral Descendant
A descendant that is not direct, such as a niece or a cousin. Expanded Legal Definition of Collateral Descendant
Collateral Source Rule
A rule of tort law which holds that the tortfeasor is not allowed to deduct from the amount he or she would be held to pay to the victim of the tort, any goods, services or money received by that victim from other 'collateral' sources as a result of the tort (eg. insurance benefits). Expanded Legal Definition of Collateral Source Rule
Collective Bargaining
Trade agreement negotiation between an employer and a person(s) representative of a larger unit of employees, to govern hiring, work, pay and dispute resolution. Expanded Legal Definition of Collective Bargaining
Collective Bargaining Agreement
A contract on hiring, working conditions and dispute resolution between an employer and a union, the latter representing employees of a defined group. Expanded Legal Definition of Collective Bargaining Agreement
Collision
An accidental contact between two or more vehicles or ships which causes damage. Expanded Legal Definition of Collision
Collusion
A secret agreement between two or more persons, who seem to have conflicting interests, to abuse the law or the legal system, deceive a court or to defraud a third party. Expanded Legal Definition of Collusion
COLREGS 1972
Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972; an international set of standard rules to prevent collisions at sea. Expanded Legal Definition of COLREGS 1972
Comity
A principle of international law, that one state, to the greatest extent possible, recognize the legislative, executive or judicial acts of another. Expanded Legal Definition of Comity
Commercial Arbitration
Arbitration of a dispute as to a trade transaction for the supply or exchange of goods or services. Expanded Legal Definition of Commercial Arbitration
Commission
A formal group of experts brought together on a regular or ad hoc basis to debate matters within that sphere of expertise, and with regulatory or quasi-judicial powers such as the ability to license activity in the sphere of activity or to subpoena witnesses. Expanded Legal Definition of Commission
Commissioner of Oath
A formal appointment or commission governments give to individuals empowering them to certify the oath of another upon documents, such as affidavits. Expanded Legal Definition of Commissioner of Oath
Committee
A term of parliamentary law which refers to a body of one or more persons appointed by a larger assembly or society, to consider, investigate and/or take action on certain specific matters. Expanded Legal Definition of Committee
Commodum Ex Injuria Sua Nemo Habere Debet
Latin: a wrongdoer should not be enabled by law to take any advantage from his actions. Expanded Legal Definition of Commodum Ex Injuria Sua Nemo Habere Debet
Common Carrier
A carrier who accepts to transport goods indiscriminately. Expanded Legal Definition of Common Carrier
Common Land
Land that, ownership notwithstanding, is available for the use and enjoyment of all, or for the use or enjoyment of a class of persons. Expanded Legal Definition of Common Land
Common Law
Judge-declared law. Law which exists and applies to a group on the basis of customs and legal precedents developed over hundreds of years in Britain. Expanded Legal Definition of Common Law
Common Law Relationship
Two unmarried persons living together as though married. Expanded Legal Definition of Common Law Relationship
Common Share
The basic share in a corporation. Expanded Legal Definition of Common Share
Commorientes
Two or more persons dying at about the same time, usually in the same event, but in circumstances in which it is impossible to determine the order of death. Expanded Legal Definition of Commorientes
Communism
A utopian state of government where specified property or means of production are owned by the state and not citizens or persons, and which may also provide for a form of equal distribution of national production. Expanded Legal Definition of Communism
Community Property
A marriage property legal term; property acquired or owned during a marriage or, where recognized, a marriage-like relationship, and which belongs, notwithstanding title, as in a partnership and as tenants in common (“hence “community”), to each spouse equally and subject to division on that basis in the event of separation or divorce. Expanded Legal Definition of Community Property
Company
A legal entity, allowed by legislation, which permits a group of people, as shareholders, to apply to the government for an independent organization to be created, which can then focus on pursuing set objectives, and empowered with legal rights which are usually only reserved for individuals, such as to sue and be sued, own property, hire employees or loan and borrow money. Expanded Legal Definition of Company
Comparative Negligence
An tort law analysis which considers the negligence of the victim and which may lead to a reduction of the award against the defendant, proportionate to the contribution of the victim’s negligence. Expanded Legal Definition of Comparative Negligence
Compassionate Care Leave
Paid or unpaid leave to care or support a gravely ill family member. Expanded Legal Definition of Compassionate Care Leave
Conciliation
A form of alternate dispute resolution (ADR) in which a neutral third-party hears both sides and then isues a non-binding suggested resolution. Expanded Legal Definition of Conciliation
Concubinage
Civil law term for an unmarried couple living nonetheless as husband and wife or, where same-sex relationships are recognized by law, such similar cohabitation relationships. Expanded Legal Definition of Concubinage
Condition Precedent
A contractual condition that suspends the coming into effect of a contract unless or until a certain event takes place. Expanded Legal Definition of Condition Precedent
Condition Subsequent
A condition in a contract that causes the contract to become invalid if a certain event occurs. Expanded Legal Definition of Condition Subsequent
Conditional Discharge
A sentence of a person found guilty of a crime in which upon completion of specified actions by the accused, no criminal record issues as regards the offense for which a conditional discharge was granted. Expanded Legal Definition of Conditional Discharge
Conditional Sentence
A sentence of a person convicted of a crime which allow that person to serve his sentence whilst continuing to reside within his/her community, subject to supervision and reporting, and fully recoverable in the event of breach of those conditions. Expanded Legal Definition of Conditional Sentence
Condominium
A unit or defined portion of ownership in real property, similar to an apartment. Expanded Legal Definition of Condominium
Condonation
Obvious or implied forgiveness. Expanded Legal Definition of Condonation
Conduct Unbecoming
Conduct on the part of a certified professional that is contrary to the interests of the public served by that professional, or which harms the standing of the profession in the eyes of the public. Expanded Legal Definition of Conduct Unbecoming
Cone of Silence
An oath by a solicitor or other employee in a law firm not to disclose any information in regards to a previous client otherwise placing that lawyer or employee in a conflict of interest with other clients of the same law firm. Expanded Legal Definition of Cone of Silence
Confederation
A loose association of states in which a central, subordinate and limited government structure is created for some common purpose, except in Canada where it is used to describe a federal system in which the central government is not so subordinate to the provincial or regional governments. Expanded Legal Definition of Confederation
Confession
A statement made by a person suspected or charged with a crime, that he (or she) did, in fact, commit that crime. Expanded Legal Definition of Confession
Conflict of Laws
A specialized branch of law which resolves cases which have an element of conflicting foreign law. Expanded Legal Definition of Conflict of Laws
Confusion
Civil law: grounds for extinguishing a contractual obligation when creditor and debtor become the same person. Expanded Legal Definition of Confusion
Connivance
Secretly privy or accessory to the act of another. Expanded Legal Definition of Connivance
Consensus
A decision achieved through negotiation whereby a hybrid solution is arrived at between parties to an issue, dispute or disagreement, comprising typically of concessions made by all parties, and to which all parties then subscribe unanimously as an acceptable resolution to the issue or disagreement. Expanded Legal Definition of Consensus
Consensus Ad Idem
Latin: an agreement - a meeting of the minds between the parties where all understand the commitments made by each. A basic requirement for a contract. Expanded Legal Definition of Consensus Ad Idem
Consideration
Some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party of a contract, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other. Expanded Legal Definition of Consideration
Consign
To leave an item of property in the custody of another. Expanded Legal Definition of Consign
Consortium
Companionship, love and affection and intimacy between husband and wife within a mariage. Expanded Legal Definition of Consortium
Conspiracy
An agreement between two or more persons to commit a criminal act. Expanded Legal Definition of Conspiracy
Constitution
The basic law of a state which sets out how that state will be organized, the powers and authorities of government between different political units, and by stating and the basic principles of the society. Expanded Legal Definition of Constitution
Construction
The legal process of interpreting a phrase or document; of trying to find it’s meaning. Expanded Legal Definition of Construction
Constructive Dismissal
Under the employment law of some states, judges will consider a situation where there has been a fundamental violation of the rights of an employee, by the employer, so severe that the employee would have the right to consider himself as dismissed, even though, in fact, there has been no act of dismissal on the part of the employer. Expanded Legal Definition of Constructive Dismissal
Constructive Eviction
An implied eviction where the landlord's act or omission justifies the immediate departure of the tenant. Expanded Legal Definition of Constructive Eviction
Constructive Total Loss
Insured property that has been abandoned because its actual total loss appears to be unavoidable, or because it could not be preserved or repaired without an expenditure which would exceed its value. Expanded Legal Definition of Constructive Total Loss
Constructive Trust
A trust which a court declares or imposes onto participants in very specific circumstances such as those giving rise to an action for unjust enrichment, and notwithstanding the lack of any willing settlor to declare the trust. Expanded Legal Definition of Constructive Trust
Consuetudo Volentes Ducit, Lex Nolentes Trahit
Customs leads the willing, law drags the unwilling. Expanded Legal Definition of Consuetudo Volentes Ducit, Lex Nolentes Trahit
Consumer Fraud
An act or omission in the conduct of trade or commerce designed to mislead a consumer. Expanded Legal Definition of Consumer Fraud
Consumer Scam
A deceptive sale of goods or services to a consumer designed to extract money unreasonably excessive given the services rendered or goods provided, if any. Expanded Legal Definition of Consumer Scam
Contempt of Court
Conduct that is disobedient, obstructive or contemptuous to the Court. Expanded Legal Definition of Contempt of Court
Contingency Fee
A method of payment of legal fees represented by a percentage of an award. Expanded Legal Definition of Contingency Fee
Continuance
An adjournment of a trial or some other legal hearing. Expanded Legal Definition of Continuance
Contract
An agreement between persons which obliges each party to do or not to do a certain thing. Expanded Legal Definition of Contract
Contract Law
That body of law which regulates the formation and enforcement of contracts. Expanded Legal Definition of Contract Law
Contributory Negligence
The negligence of a person which, while not being the primary cause of a tort, nevertheless combined with the act or omission of the primary defendant to cause the tort, and without which the tort would not have occurred. Expanded Legal Definition of Contributory Negligence
Conversion
A legal action against a person who found and converted someone else property to his own use. Expanded Legal Definition of Conversion
Conveyance
A written document which transfers property from one person to another, usually real property. Expanded Legal Definition of Conveyance
Conviction
The formal decision of a criminal trial which finds the accused guilty. Expanded Legal Definition of Conviction
Co-operative
A group of people formed as a separate organization and which has as a stated purpose either in regards to the public at-large or in regards to the common interests of the members. Expanded Legal Definition of Co-operative
Co-ownership
A generic term that refers to various forms of ownership over one asset by more than one person. Expanded Legal Definition of Co-ownership
Coparcenary
An obsolete co-ownership mechanism of English law where property, if there was no will, always went to the eldest son. Expanded Legal Definition of Coparcenary
Copyright
The exclusive right to produce or reproduce (copy), to perform in public or to publish an original literary or artistic work, pursuant to a statute usually called the Copyright Act, or some similar name. Expanded Legal Definition of Copyright
Coroner
A public official who holds an inquiry into violent or suspicious deaths. Expanded Legal Definition of Coroner
Corollary Relief
Relief sought from a Court which is incidental, consequential or additional to another principal relief. Expanded Legal Definition of Corollary Relief
Corporal Punishment
A punishment for some violation of conduct which involves the infliction of pain on, or harm to the body Expanded Legal Definition of Corporal Punishment
Corporate Secretary
Officer of a corporation responsible for the official documents of the corporation such as the official seal, records of shares issued, and minutes of all board or committee meetings. Expanded Legal Definition of Corporate Secretary
Corporation
A legal entity, created under the authority of a statute, which permits a group of people, as shareholders, to apply to the government for an independent organization to be created, which then pursues set objectives, and is empowered with legal rights usually only reserved for individuals, such as to sue and be sued, own property, hire employees or loan and borrow money. Expanded Legal Definition of Corporation
Costs
A court order that the losing party in litigation must pay the successful party's expenses plus an additional allowance, the latter as a contribution towards the winner's legal fees. Expanded Legal Definition of Costs
Costs Follow The Event
An award of costs will generally flow with the result of litigation; the successful party being entitled to an order for costs against the unsuccessful party. Expanded Legal Definition of Costs Follow The Event
Council
A formal group of experts brought together on a regular basis to debate matters within that sphere of expertise, often with advisory powers to government. Expanded Legal Definition of Council
Counterclaim
A defendant's claim against a plaintiff. Expanded Legal Definition of Counterclaim
Court
Either the room in which, and during which, judicial proceedings are hosted, or to the judicial body presiding over those proceedings, usually personified in the person of a judge. Expanded Legal Definition of Court
Court Martial
A military court set up to try and punish offenses taken by members of the army, navy or air force. Expanded Legal Definition of Court Martial
Court of Admiralty
A rather archaic term used to denote the court which has the right to hear shipping, ocean and sea legal cases; jurisdiction over maritime law cases. Expanded Legal Definition of Court of Admiralty
Court of Pie Powder
A special court that sat in times of public markets or fairs in England in medieval times, with exclusive jurisdiction over disputes between merchants and consumers and any other dispute arising as a result of the market or fair and on fair grounds. Expanded Legal Definition of Court of Pie Powder
Covenant
A written document in which signatories either commit themselves to do a certain thing, to not do a certain thing or in which they agree on a certain set of facts. Expanded Legal Definition of Covenant
Credit Card
A plastic card issued to concede to the holder, upon presentation to authorized stores or service providers, products or services on credit. Expanded Legal Definition of Credit Card
Creditor
A person to whom money, goods or services are owed by the debtor. Expanded Legal Definition of Creditor
Crime
An act or omission which is prohibited by criminal law and punished, usually by fine or imprisonment. Expanded Legal Definition of Crime
Crimen Omnia Ex Se Nata Vitiat
Latin: property obtained by crime is tainted (vitiated). Expanded Legal Definition of Crimen Omnia Ex Se Nata Vitiat
Crimes Against Humanity
An international criminal justice offence; the perpetration of acts of war upon a civilian, non-soldier population. Expanded Legal Definition of Crimes Against Humanity
Criminal Bankruptcy
The forced bankruptcy of a convicted person. Expanded Legal Definition of Criminal Bankruptcy
Criminal Code
A statute which purports or attempts to set out all prohibited or criminal offences, and their various punishments. Expanded Legal Definition of Criminal Code
Criminal Conversation
Criminal conversation: synonymous with adultery. Expanded Legal Definition of Criminal Conversation
Criminal Harassment
Unsolicited annoying, alarming or abusive conduct or words which are threatening. Expanded Legal Definition of Criminal Harassment
Criminal Law
That body of the law that deals with conduct considered so harmful to society as a whole that it is prohibited by statute, prosecuted and punished by the government. Expanded Legal Definition of Criminal Law
Criminal Libel
A criminal offence; deliberate publication of defamatory lies which the publisher knows to be false. Expanded Legal Definition of Criminal Libel
Criminal Negligence
Reckless disregard for the lives or safety of other persons. Expanded Legal Definition of Criminal Negligence
Cross Examination
The examination of a witness called by the other side at trial and for which leading questions are permitted. Expanded Legal Definition of Cross Examination
Crown
The word refers specifically to the British Monarch, where she is the head of state of Commonwealth countries. Expanded Legal Definition of Crown
Cruelty
Conduct that causes bodily or mental injury, or apprehension to such injury, to a person or an animal, without legitimate purpose. Expanded Legal Definition of Cruelty
Crumbling Skull Rule
A legal theory, companion to the thin skull rule, which limits a tort defendant’s exposure to a plaintiff’s injuries to the plaintiff’s condition at the time of the tort. Expanded Legal Definition of Crumbling Skull Rule
Cuius Est Solum Ejus Est Usque Ad Caelum
Latin: who owns the land, owns down to the center of the earth and up to the heavens. Expanded Legal Definition of Cuius Est Solum Ejus Est Usque Ad Caelum
Culpa Lata
Latin: gross negligence. Expanded Legal Definition of Culpa Lata
Curial Deference
That general courts ought to defer to the rulings of specialized tribunals save exceptional circumstances. Expanded Legal Definition of Curial Deference
Curtesy
Widower's right to an interest in his deceased wife's real property. Expanded Legal Definition of Curtesy
Curtilage
The yard surrounding a residence or dwelling house which is reserved for or used by the occupants for their enjoyment or work. Expanded Legal Definition of Curtilage
Custodia Legis
In the custody of the law; the taking, seizing or holding of something by lawful authority. Expanded Legal Definition of Custodia Legis
Custody
Charge and control of a person or item of property. Expanded Legal Definition of Custody
Cy-pres
As near as may be. Expanded Legal Definition of Cy-pres
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Unless otherwise noted, this article was written by Lloyd Duhaime, Barrister, Solicitor, Attorney and Lawyer (and Notary Public!). It is not intended to be legal advice and you would be foolhardy to rely on it in respect to any specific situation you or an acquaintance may be facing. In addition, the law changes rapidly and sometimes with little notice so from time to time, an article may not be up to date. Therefore, this is merely legal information designed to educate the reader. If you have a real situation, this information will serve as a good springboard to get legal advice from a lawyer.

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