In Law of Real Property, an easement is defined as:
"... a right which one landowner has with respect to the lands of another - either the right to do something on the other's land, or the right to prevent the other owner from using their land in a particular way."
In the 1856 edition of his Law Dictionary, John Bouvier defined an easement as: "... a privilege or advantage, which one man may have in the lands of another...."
W. J. Byrne's definition:
"When A, the owner of a piece of land, has the right of compelling B, the owner of an adjoining piece of land, either to refrain form doing something on his (B's) land, or to allow A to do something on his (B's) land, then A is said to have an easement over B's land."
Although right-of-ways are the most common easements, there are many others such as rights to tunnel under another’s land, to use a washroom, to emit smoke or fumes, to pass over with transmission towers, to access a dock and to access a well. Byrne goes on to list these types of easements:
"In respect of water, air, light, rights of way, rights of support, party-walls and fences and easements of recreation...."
In his book, Colin Sara sets out the "essential elements" of an easement as:
"(1) That it applies to land which is affected by it (the servient tenement); (2) that it is annexed to other land which takes the benefit of it (the dominant tenement); and (3) that it is a right of a kind which, as a matter of common sense and public policy, is capable of forming the subject-matter of an easement."
An easement is a type of servitude.
For every easement, there is a dominant and a servient tenement.
Easements are also classified as negative (which prevents the servient land owner from doing certain things) or affirmative easements (the most common, which allows the beneficiary of the easement to do certain things, such as a right-of-way).
Here's a sample construction easement agreement:
"I, John Doe, very wealthy and eccentric person, of the City of Victoria, British Columbia, owner of 1234 Park Place Avenue, New York, New York, in consideration of a perpetual mention on the Duhaime.org website under the Law Dictionary title of "easement", agree to grant to Duhaime.org, its successors and assigns, an easement and right to enter on my land as defined above for the purpose of erecting bill boards extolling the virtues of the aforementioned website, and Duhaime.org or its officers or agents shall have access to the land at any time subject to the restoration of the land to its former state after construction is complete."
REFERENCES:
- Bouvier, John, Bouvier's Law Dictionary (Boston: The Boston Book Company, 1856).
- Byrne, W., A Dictionary of English Law (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1923), p. 330.
- La Forest, A., Law of Real Property (Ontario: Canada Law Book, 2006), p. 17-2.
- Sara, C., Boundaries and Easements (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2002).